Motivating Children in the Classroom Free Essays

Motivation plays a significant role in the growth and development of children. Well-motivated students are able to accomplish assigned tasks and responsibilities and generate desirable learning outcomes. This idea is based on the premise that children who do not exert effort and lack the ability to cope up with the challenges of classroom learning do not perform well academically. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivating Children in the Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children must be able to understand the importance of effort and acknowledge their capability of accomplishing their tasks during classroom instruction. (Alderman, 2004) This is where the role of the teacher, the educational institution, and the stakeholders come in. The classroom environment must foster learning and education, as well as good working atmosphere for the comfort of the students. Teachers should display desirable characteristics and views that are motivating for the children. Moreover, stakeholders, such as the parents, government, religious institutions, etc. must be able to provide a community for the children that support their education and their learning environments. However, since the teacher actively involved in education and the learning process, he must be able to take on multifarious roles and incorporate numerous strategies and techniques in order to promote education and learning to the children by motivation. The foundation of the children’s involvement in their education is feeling the sense of belongingness and comfort within the confines of the learning environment. Providing a learning environment that is adaptable to the child and an institution, which fosters desirable social interactions and relationships, becomes a primary motivation for children to attend school. (Alderman, 2004) Therefore, the classroom environment must be structured in such a way that it is built on the relationship of each child with the other, and the teacher to the children. Developing this kind of relationship is influenced by open communication and social interaction through group activities. Moreover, the teacher should be able to grasp a thorough knowledge of the psychology of a child in order to set relevant instructional tools and strategies that are appropriate to implement for children. This includes the knowledge of several learning theories that might be instrumental for motivating children. Some of these theories include the cognitive theory, social cognitive theory, behavioral theory, humanist theory, cognitive-behavioral theory, etc. These theories seek to explicate how the minds of children work and how they behave. This understanding shall help the teacher design a motivational plan that targets the specific needs and demands of children. (McInerney, 2000) Classroom motivation may differ depending on the nature and scope of the course. Taking a look at how motivation is implemented in Physical Education, it is observable that it greatly differs with other courses, such as language arts or science for instance. One good thing about Physical Education is that it supports social interaction, cooperation, and teamwork, which is the foreground of motivation among children. The challenge for children in this particular course is the goal or the objective to achieve in the tasks and activities of Physical Education. The danger in this concept lies in the tendency of students to become uninspired in learning when they experiencing loss or failures. However, in some instances, losses or failures enhance motivation and pushes children to learn more and try harder in order to attain success through persistence. (Hardy Mawer, 1999) The Physical Education teacher should be able to determine individual attributes of the children in order to determine what motivates them in the course. Children who are uninspired by failures should be made to experience success in order for them to gain at least an ounce of confidence and drive to get involved with the tasks and activities of the course. Setting of specific goals or objectives is also instrumental in motivating children in Physical Education. If the teacher sets our clear goals that children should accomplish, they are motivated to get up and moving in order to accomplish the particular goal. Experiencing success in the realization of goals and objectives provide the students with the sense of worth and aptitude. (Hardy Mawer, 1999) Motivation does not only concentrate with the ability of the teacher to encourage positive performance outputs, or the character of children to get motivated by classroom instruction. It is also dependent on the activities, which are involved during classroom instruction. The implementation of various activities and a lot of choices or alternatives is instrumental in rousing the interest of children. Since the preference of children is varied, it is always recommended to provide varied activities that children can choose from. Through this, they are able to explore new and exciting activities, from which they can determine their strengths and weaknesses and identify what truly interests them. Moreover, this type of activity setting creates the desire for mastery and goal accomplishment. (Hardy Mawer, 1999) The most important thing in teaching Physical Education is to motivate them to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge wherein the goals and objectives of the particular course are grounded. The implementation of various games is necessary in order to motivate them, through the light and fun nature of games and activities, with the incorporation of values and academic knowledge within these particular games and activities. There are a lot of skills and abilities that Physical Education may teach, provided the teacher keep the children well motivated by incorporating fun and interesting games to the lesson. For instance, there are games that teach sportsmanship, the skills of following instructions, math and spelling skills, acting, interest in reading stories, etc. Involving these kinds of activities does not only motivate them, but increase their chances of learning more, in terms of the academic and moral aspects of learning. (Clements, 1995) References Alderman, M. K. (2004). â€Å"Motivation for Achievement: Possibilities for Teaching and Learning.† Questia Media America, Inc.: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 336 pgs. Clements, R. L (1995). â€Å"Games and Great Ideas: A Guide for Elementary School Physical Educators and Classroom Teachers.† Questia Media America, Inc: Greenwood Press, 366 pgs. Hardy, C. A. Mawer, M. (1999). â€Å"Learning and Teaching in Physical Education.† Questia Media America, Inc.: Falmer Press, 240 pgs. McInerney, D. M. (2000). â€Å"Helping Kids Achieve Their Best: Understanding and Using Motivation in the Classroom. Questia Media America, Inc.: Allen Unwin, 123 pgs.    How to cite Motivating Children in the Classroom, Essay examples

Moneyball

Introduction Moneyball is a movie about an Oakland baseball team that is in serious trouble and is losing series in the American League division. The team is also in serious financial trouble. This report looks into the review of the movie through the eyes of management. Management is the reason the A’s are in so much trouble both financially and in terms of performance, which is when Beane comes in.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Moneyball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The movie revolves around his life in line with the team since he is the general manager running one of the poorest of teams meaning he cannot solve his team’s financial issues by buying players since the money is not there (Mcneill, 2009). This is very frustrating because he wants the team to perform yet he cannot buy better players. If different results are to be achieved, then things should at least be done differently. B eane knows that he has to do something different but he is not sure what he must do different. He meets young Brand who gives Beane a way forward, sabermetrics, which is a statistical analysis of baseball. This is what the young economist thinks will work for the team. This is because the traditional way of viewing player is not efficient enough leading misjudgment of the value of player. Some are overvalued and other undervalued. The decision that Beane make reflect his life as a professional player, taking us back to his time. All this changes when he adopts the new style of managing the team rather than throwing dice he decides to go with analytics to see if it will help the team win. This is when they set out with Brand to assemble a dream team composing of players that no one wants. This is done with the smallest of budgets. The rest of the workforce does not understand his reason but he tries his best to make them see that n the long run the organization we gain. He meets oppo sition from those that prefer the old way of doing things. This is a movie of not just baseball but also management. Solution 1 Solution 2 Billy Beane’s leadership styles and motivation styles Starting with Fredrick Taylor’s management theory of improving economic efficiency, this is to ensure minimization of waste and maximization of labor productivity. This management style is all about managing talents. Taylor in his theory puts emphasis on performance measurement and being very objective while examining talent.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Talent management is very vital in any business setup. For example, we see that Beane and his assistant Paul did not just guess but they used the statistics, which would ensure that they were in a better position to win. This was applied on the offensive side which was something to do with the on base and the out base . They made sure they positioned themselves to win the game. This gave them an easier job in finding extraordinary players. Autocracy in management can be a double edged sword since the manager makes decisions unilaterally. The subordinates are not give much consideration in the decision making process. This might display the confidence level manager of the business but also can put the company into a lot of trouble since the subordinates can decide to detach themselves. Autocratic decisions may not be very healthy for the business especially if they are emotional which most are. A perfect example is Beane laying off some players because of their behavior at the lounge. Although this brought up issues with his general manager Phillip it was a good calculated decision giving the team a sense of direction. Communication is very important in management. A manager who does not show effective communication skills cannot lead his team to great success on projects, this is impossible to ac hieve without first building a strong rapport. As demonstrated in the movie, Beane make a conversation with his team in a very short span of time and three of his players swing into action, this he could not have achieved without the rapport first. Encouragement and motivation is vital in leadership; ability to inspire others to achieve greatness even when it is impossible. This is reflected when Beane turns a catcher, Scott Hatterberg into a first base and he understood for him to do that he must build a little confidence in Scott. This is why he leads the coaching staff in cheering for Scott when he makes the smallest of progress in practice. Yes I think that his style is suitable since it allowed the manager to bring in a new system that would transform the team into a winning one. He was also able to produce a team that was now capable of winning against the â€Å"big fish† of the league having in mind no one wanted these players since they were viewed using the old tradi tional method as being of no value. His management style was only suitable at the time because looking at his style critically. Beane’s concept of sabermetrics and other financial analyses was revolutionary in propelling the team to the top. He used a method that can be dangerous in other fields, low risk and high reward. So we can say that his management style worked for him at the time and could only be applied in baseball. This is because in business for instance is like trying to invest in a low-budget stock of a company that is just staring.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Moneyball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Solution 3 Billy Beane’s analysis styles and Statistics calculation styles to form a winning team, the differences between his strategy and mainstream’s strategy Beane uses sabermetrics in his analysis of the records of both the players and what they are worth. For us to get some insight into how this analysis works we must first understand the game of baseball. This game stated in the 18th century with the creation of the National league around 1876, it constitutes of 28 professional team and some participate in the national or the American League. The game has millions of fan in America and around the world. The game is played with two opposing teams with nine players on each team. Some of these players just to mention a few may include; baseman, pitcher, catcher, second baseman, right, left and center fielders. The score are in runs. The most important fact that is captured in analysis is the numbers of the game that are recorded. This is either during the game or after the game. These numbers mean so little to a manager who believes in insight rather than analytics. How the pitcher and batters perform is assessed by such number and this is what sabermeterics is all about. For instance, while batting, efficiency of the batter is what is the mean ? That is established by dividing the total at-bats by how many hits he has achieved. This data is then used to find out the player’s opportunity and his capabilities. Such information is used to establish the total worth of the player and the manager decides whether to sign him or not. When it comes to the difference between Beane’s strategy and the mainstream strategy, we must note that beane concentrated on getting the job done other than other issues involved, that is why he makes it very clear to everyone that winning was their number one priority. Factors like the welfare of the workers would come next. As we do comparison of the two strategies we are likely to note that the mainstream was kind of convectional and believed that of one t do well money must be involved and a lot of it (Mcneill, 2009). We should also note that there is a difference in the taking of risks and reward expectation. Beane one hand believes in low risk and high reward while the mainstream on the other hand believes in equality between the risk you take and the reward you get. For instance, let’s say there is a player who is 39 year and in the resent past has not been very successful with at least a hit out of 17 at-bats. This player is in trouble for refusing a suspension due to failing a drug test. In main stream strategy no one would want to sign such a player but Beane takes a risk and gives him half a million contract. Beane’s has done the analysis that when this player gets back to shape ticket sale will go up and he can serve as a mentor to young upcoming players.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Solution 4 Relationship and effects between Statistics, information, and management Statistics has become very vital to both information and management. Statistic can also be referred to as data and companies are investing millions of dollars in data. For example, a company will take it time to accumulate some data on the different marketing approaches and before even the time deadline it had previously set expires it will analyze the numbers; this it to derive information out of this data. A proper example is how dell used a matrix approach worldwide that was about advertizing agency. This was to analyze dell sales for each region and the information derived was used to fine-tune its promotions. The fact that first they started with looking at statistic then created information and finally used that information to make an informed decision cannot be ignored. It could be a strategy that will see them increase their margins considerably. Organizations have become very dynamic and loo king at what the effects of statistic, information and management are, we note companies in many industries produce the same goods or offer the same services. In addition they use the same technologies. For a firm to make its way to the top, then it has to do something different from its competitors. This must be in the business processes which must be properly analyzed and information derived from such data. The information must be used by management in their decision. The business process should include knowing what the customer wants and prices clients want to pay for the products. This establishes a proper system in form of customer relations management. This can be incorporated in an elaborate Enterprise resource planning system. Such systems are very vital in achieving core competence in an industry with same products and services. As such they should be given the utmost interest and attention and should be well exploited to realize profit. Managers have been able to use the u se statistic in order to make decisions that have impacted positively on their organizations not just in organization but also in sports. A good example is the manager of St Louis Cardinals using analytics plus intuitions to establish when to substitute a highly charged player into the field of play or whether he should hire a professional expert due to low morale level of players. As we can see data combined with management can produce results but we must not also forget that it has to be done carefully since error can lead to high impact of failure. This impact of failure would be very difficult to recover from. Conclusion In conclusion it is very true that not only fan of baseball have something to learn from this movie but managers have a lot to learn in terms of leadership styles, motivation style and the use of information. This movie looks at the relationship between leadership and successful initiatives that managers can pursuit. There is a good example of also bad behavior as a leader and what it can cause the organization. Arrogance and being insensitive to the welfare of other can be a recipe for failure as demonstrated in the movie by Billy Beane where at some point tried to prove to everyone that he was better than all of them. It does not matter what our view of the movie are what really matters is the lessons learnt from the movie and what we can derive from Billy Beane’s role as the manager of the Oakland team. Further more if we can be able to implement these lessons to our organization and transform those organizations (Mcneill, 2009). References Arnold, R. A. (2010). Macroeconomics. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Barro, R. J. (2008). Macroeconomics: A Modern Approach. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Mankiw, G. (2006). Macroeconomics. New York: W H Freeman-Usa. Mcneill, S. C. (2009). Research Methods: Third Edition. Chicago: Cengage Learning. This term paper on Moneyball was written and submitted by user Taraji Michael to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Basel III Is A Global Standard Of Banking Regulation. Do You Think

Basel III Is A Global Standard Of Banking Regulation. Do You Think Basel III Is A Global Standard Of Banking Regulation. Do You Think That Basel III Can Make The – Coursework Example Basel III: A global standard of banking regulation Basel III is a global standard of banking regulation Basel III is the result of global financial crisis happened in 2008, where it gives a chance to a basic reformation of the risk and regulation perspective within the international financial market. In this regard, the BCBS (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision) has cooperatively developed a new framework in order to reinforce the liquidity and capital regulations internationally for endorsing a robust baking industry, named as Basel III (Greenley, Kelly, Forgarty, & Dutta, 2011). It initiated a conceptual alteration in the liquidity and capital principles. It has become the requirement of firms that are competing on the global basis, and are exposed to the financial and regulatory risks seen in the financial crisis of 2008. However, this framework provides a solution to many issues existing in the contemporary banking industry, but still it raises some implementation concerns tha t are significant for its application. Among these concerns, the most important issue is its regulatory effect, where many economies face issues in obtaining the adequate level of liquid assets in money market for complying with the new conditions, such as in South Africa. Another problem is regarding the calibration of the new agenda, as the banks have obtained assistance from the government during the financial crisis, so it would be insufficient for depending only the bank’s information (Willink, 2011). In addition, the central bank’s role should also be taken into the account, as this bank can generate liquidity conditions any time, so the requirement of securing an extra liquidity would be an injustice for banks. It would result in inadvertent outcomes. This implementation would also affect the central bank’s role in applying the monetary policy. Moreover, such new liquidity regulations would be difficult to apply because of spending short time finance for liquidity in banks (Bech & Keister, 2012 ). Thus, it is of high significance to manage and apply the Basel III wisely for circumventing supervisory arbitrage and other issues. ReferencesBech, M., & Keister, T. (2012 ). On the liquidity coverage ratio and monetary policy Implementation. BIS Quarterly Review, 1-7.Greenley, J., Kelly, H., Forgarty, M., & Dutta, S. (2011). Basel III: Issues and Implications. New York: KPMG International Cooperative .Tarullo, D. (2011). Regulating Systemically Important Financial Firms. Washington DC: Speech at the Peter G Peterson Institute for International economics .Willink, N. (2011). Basel III: a roadmap to better banking regulation and supervision. FSI High level meeting on the new Framework to Strenghten Financial Stability and Regulatory Priorities. Russia: St Petersburg.

WORDPLAY

WORDPLAY Play-on-words is a literary technique that makes the words the main subjects for the purpose of amusement or some particular effect. Hashtag: #ReplaceALetterRuinATvShow Literary A wordplay is a form of humorous writing. It is a literary technique for entertaining readers by manipulating the sounds and meaning of words. Characterized by ambiguity, wordplay is also a form of creative linguistic that takes advantage of words with similar meanings to grab attention. CONNECTING WORDS AND PHRASES A pun is a subtype of wordplay that uses a word (one-word puns) or group of words (compound puns) with several meanings or a  sound to make it funny. A good example is funny puns using compound puns or replacing two or more words to change their meaning such as â€Å"Santa’s helpers are subordinate Clauses†. When a writer substitutes a word with another similar-sounding word, the result is homophonic puns. For example,â€Å"The butcher refused to accept my challenge that his knife was dull because the steaks were too high†. In contrast, when the writer uses a word with two different meanings, the resulting puns are homographic puns such as â€Å"Yes, he is the same optometrist who fell into a lens grinder and made a spectacle of himself†. There are also funny animals puns such as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A horse is a very stable animal†. Funny Puns in Classrooms and in the Internet The pun is a  type of wordplay that many authors and poets create to bring fun to the classroom. Since humor is a good motivator, wordplay enriched books and make schoolchildren interested in language and vocabulary. Teachers used wordplay in the classroom to encourage students to expand their vocabulary and challenge their belief about the meaning of the words. Wordplay also helps students see the connection between words. Wordplay extends beyond the classroom to the Internet. Various funny puns are all over the Web bringing a smile to everyone’s face. One-letter puns challenge from social media user #ReplaceALetterRuinATvShow to replace a letter of a TV show title was accepted by fellow users and many are quite good with vocabulary. For example: â€Å"Price is Right† to â€Å"Prick is Right† â€Å"Dr. Who† to â€Å"Dr. Why† â€Å"America’s Top Model† to â€Å"America’s Top Modem† There are puns about technology, puns created by Internet geeks, 15 most hilarious puns, clean and dirty puns, and banned puns that allegedly breached China’s law on standard spoken and written Chinese. However, the fun with puns continues with more clever puns such as: â€Å"People who say they from constipation are full of shit† â€Å"Never trust atoms, they make up everything† â€Å"The person who invented the door knock won the No-bell prize† Wordplay and its popular subtype have a number of beneficial applications. Aside from expanding classroom vocabulary, enhancing the motivation of language learners, and creating a word-rich classroom, English literature masters extensively used the literary technique in their plays and poetry. William Shakespeare, for instance, used wordplay to produce various, life-like representation of a complex human personality. Hebrew Bible writers frequently obscure the true meaning of God messages using wordplay. Wordplay nowadays is widely used in product advertising tagline to draw the attention of readers. Advertisers make good use of wordplay such as: â€Å"Thirst come, thirst served† of Coca-Cola in 1932 â€Å"Put a Tiger in Your Tank† of  Exxon If you need assistance with essay writing feel free to contact our support team or place an order right now and we will gladly help you.

The aftermath of earthquakes in Haiti, like the hurricane in New Essay

The aftermath of earthquakes in Haiti, like the hurricane in New Orleans a few years ago, reveals both humanitarian aid and looting and violence - Essay Example The aftermath of earthquakes in Haiti has much to do with the prevailing conditions there, before the earthquake. The effectiveness of the relief operations depends upon not only with the organizations involved in relief work, , but also with the adaptability of the people to make the best use of the relief supplies. What are the ground realities in Haiti? Joseph Francis Bentivegna writes, â€Å" Institutional corruption siphons off foreign aid, so the needy are never helped. High export taxes discourage peasants from growing popular crops while politically influential families make huge profits because they are exempt from paying taxes.† (Introduction....) This being the mentality of the ruling class(bureaucrats and politicians) the chances of people getting a fair share of the relief materials are dim. The after-effects of the magnitude 7.00 earthquake are staggering. The damage is massive. Logistical challenges hamper the relief efforts. Rescue teams from all over the world have arrived and co-coordinating their work is itself a gigantic task. According to Red Cross estimates, 50,000 deaths have occurred and morgues have no place for the bodies. Bodies are strewn in the streets like rotten vegetables. Utter confusion prevails. Day by day, the situation is going from bad to worse. Food is in short supply, security is sparse, medical supplies are in great demand

Social work (see panel for details) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social work (see panel for details) - Essay Example 4). The fact that she is excited about having the child is good, but the social worker should try to reserve judgment, good or bad, about the situation. Konopka (1999) states, â€Å"Another basic concept is the awareness of the individual as an interacting member of society and the importance of interaction, individually and in groups, for his development and for the development of society.† The social worker should try to have a positive impact on Anne’s life. Additionally, the social worker should try to have Anne incorporate other elements of society into her life. She should perhaps be encouraged to join a church, synagogue, or mosque of her choosing in order to gain support from the surrounding community to welcome her baby into the world. Instead of criticizing Anne, the social worker should focus on Anne’s good qualities. The fact that she is a kind and caring person should be strengths that the social worker should build upon in order to encourage her to be a good mother to her unborn child and partner to Simon. It is an ethical principle that, â€Å"Social workers should uphold and defend each person’s physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual integrity and well-being. This means: 1) respecting the right to self-determination, 2) promoting the right to participation, 3) treating each person as a whole, and 4) identifying and developing strengths† (Lee, M.Y., et. al., 2009, pp. 294). In many ways, the social worker who takes on Anne’s case will obviously have many challenges. Since Anne’s parents are an interracial couple, this case may be extraordinarily difficult due to the cultural factors that are involved. One ethical principle of social work is that â€Å"Social workers’ primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems† (Munson, 2002, pp. 509). In Anne’s case, the social worker needs to realize that Anne’s situation is unique. Anne may have

Gender Discrimination at Walmart Essay -- Walmart Sex Discrimination

Walmart, the world’s largest retailer and private employer, has established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy that utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. Yet, to maintain this low-cost strategy, Walmart has engaged in ethically questionable practices, including gender discrimination in promotion and pay. While the Supreme Court recently ruled against class certification of 1.5 million women in the Dukes v. Walmart case due to a lack of proof that Walmart operated under a â€Å"general policy of discrimination†, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that gender discrimination is a persistent problem rooted in the culture of Walmart, despite gender-neutral policies (Biskupic, 2011). During the 1950’s and 60’s in northwest Arkansas, a surplus of unskilled labor existed due to â€Å"increasing mechanization of agricultural work†. Leveraging this pent up demand for employment, Sam Walton, the founder of Walmart, provided these agricultural men with prideful responsibilities as managers of his retail stores, while employing their wives and daughters as low wage clerks (Lichenstein, 2011). Forty to fifty years later, in an economy sagged by high unemployment, particularly among an unskilled, low educated workforce, the practice of promoting men to run stores while women are forced to settle for low wage labor remains prevalent at Walmart. In fact, statistical analysis from plaintiffs in the 2001 Dukes v. Walmart lawsuit showed that women comprised nearly 70% of hourly employees, but only 33% of management positions (Hymowitz, 2011). The overwhelming disparities between men and women in management relative to the proportion of those in hourly posi tions further cements the continual existence ... ...three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642. doi:10.1037/a0023557 Lichenstein, N. (2011) Wal-Mart’s Authoritarian Culture. New York Times Lichenstein, N. (2007) Why Working at Walmart is Different Connecticut Law Review, Volume 39 Number 4, May 2007 Powell, G., Butterfield, D., and Bartol, K. (2008). Leader evaluations: A new female advantage? Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23, 156-174. Rosette, A., & Tost, L. (2010). Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 221-235. doi:10.1037/a0018204 Wal-Mart Class Website. (2011). â€Å"Declaration Summaries†. Retrieved from 22 Nov 2011 The official site for the women in the class action Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Gender Discrimination at Walmart Essay -- Walmart Sex Discrimination Walmart, the world’s largest retailer and private employer, has established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy that utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. Yet, to maintain this low-cost strategy, Walmart has engaged in ethically questionable practices, including gender discrimination in promotion and pay. While the Supreme Court recently ruled against class certification of 1.5 million women in the Dukes v. Walmart case due to a lack of proof that Walmart operated under a â€Å"general policy of discrimination†, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that gender discrimination is a persistent problem rooted in the culture of Walmart, despite gender-neutral policies (Biskupic, 2011). During the 1950’s and 60’s in northwest Arkansas, a surplus of unskilled labor existed due to â€Å"increasing mechanization of agricultural work†. Leveraging this pent up demand for employment, Sam Walton, the founder of Walmart, provided these agricultural men with prideful responsibilities as managers of his retail stores, while employing their wives and daughters as low wage clerks (Lichenstein, 2011). Forty to fifty years later, in an economy sagged by high unemployment, particularly among an unskilled, low educated workforce, the practice of promoting men to run stores while women are forced to settle for low wage labor remains prevalent at Walmart. In fact, statistical analysis from plaintiffs in the 2001 Dukes v. Walmart lawsuit showed that women comprised nearly 70% of hourly employees, but only 33% of management positions (Hymowitz, 2011). The overwhelming disparities between men and women in management relative to the proportion of those in hourly posi tions further cements the continual existence ... ...three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642. doi:10.1037/a0023557 Lichenstein, N. (2011) Wal-Mart’s Authoritarian Culture. New York Times Lichenstein, N. (2007) Why Working at Walmart is Different Connecticut Law Review, Volume 39 Number 4, May 2007 Powell, G., Butterfield, D., and Bartol, K. (2008). Leader evaluations: A new female advantage? Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23, 156-174. Rosette, A., & Tost, L. (2010). Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 221-235. doi:10.1037/a0018204 Wal-Mart Class Website. (2011). â€Å"Declaration Summaries†. Retrieved from 22 Nov 2011 The official site for the women in the class action Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.